Soil water dynamics and water balance on a tropical coral island     

Shengsheng Han  Suxia Liu  Xingguo Mo  Lihu Yang  Xianfang Song 《水文研究》2021,35(12):e14415

Understanding soil water dynamics and the water balance of tropical coral islands is important for the utilization and management of their limited freshwater resources, which is only from rainfall. However, there is a significant knowledge gap in the influence of soil water on the water cycle of coral islands. Soil water dynamics and the water balance of Zhaoshu Island, Xisha Archipelago were thus investigated using soil moisture measurements and the Hydrus-1D model from October 2018 to September 2019. Over the study period, vegetation transpiration, soil evaporation, groundwater recharge and storage in the vadose zone were approximately 196, 330, 365 and 20 mm, occupying 22%, 36%, 40% and 2% of annual rainfall total (911 mm), respectively. For the wet season (from May to October) these values became 75, 202, 455 and 40 mm, occupying 10%, 26% and 59% and 5% of the seasonal rainfall total (772 mm), respectively. During the dry season (from November to April), a dry soil layer between 40 and 120 cm depth of the soil profile was identified that prevented water exchange between the upper soil layers and the groundwater resulting in the development of deep roots so that vegetation could extract groundwater to supplement their water requirements. Vegetation not only consumes all dry season rainfall (140 mm) but extracts water deeply from groundwater (90 mm) as well as from the vadose layer (20 mm). As such, the vegetation appears to be groundwater-dependent ecosystems. The research results aid us to better understand the process of water dynamics on coral islands and to protect coral island ecosystems.  相似文献   

Nature of the mantle roots beneath the North American craton: mantle xenolith evidence from Somerset Island kimberlites     

S. S. Schmidberger  D. Francis 《Lithos》1999,48(1-4):195-216

The recently discovered Nikos kimberlite on Somerset Island, in the Canadian Arctic, hosts an unusually well preserved suite of mantle xenoliths dominated by garnet–peridotite (lherzolite, harzburgite, dunite) showing coarse and porphyroclastic textures, with minor garnet–pyroxenite. The whole rock and mineral data for 54 Nikos xenoliths indicate a highly refractory underlying mantle with high olivine forsterite contents (ave. Fo=92.3) and moderate to high olivine abundances (ave. 80 wt.%). These characteristics are similar to those reported for peridotites from the Archean Kaapvaal and Siberian cratons (ave. olivine Fo=92.5), but are clearly distinct from the trend defined by oceanic peridotites and mantle xenoliths in alkaline basalts and kimberlites from post-Archean continental terranes (ave. olivine Fo=91.0). The Nikos xenoliths yield pressures and temperatures of last equilibration between 20 and 55 kb and 650 and 1300°C, and a number of the peridotite nodules appear to have equilibrated in the diamond stability field. The pressure and temperature data define a conductive paleogeotherm corresponding to a surface heat flow of 44 mW/m². Paleogeotherms based on xenolith data from the central Slave province of the Canadian craton require a lower surface heat flow (40 mW/m²) indicating a cooler geothermal regime than that beneath the Canadian Arctic. A large number of kimberlite-hosted peridotites from the Kaapvaal craton in South Africa and parts of the Siberian craton are characterized by high orthopyroxene contents (ave. Kaapvaal 32 wt.%, Siberia 20 wt.%). The calculated modal mineral assemblages for the Nikos peridotites show moderate to low contents of orthopyroxene (ave. 12 wt.%), indicating that the orthopyroxene-rich mineralogy characteristic of the Kaapvaal and Siberian cratons is not a feature of the cratonic upper mantle beneath Somerset Island.  相似文献   

The evolution of continental roots in numerical thermo-chemical mantle convection models including differentiation by partial melting     

J. H. de Smet  A. P. van den Berg  N. J. Vlaar 《Lithos》1999,48(1-4):153-170

Incorporating upper mantle differentiation through decompression melting in a numerical mantle convection model, we demonstrate that a compositionally distinct root consisting of depleted peridotite can grow and remain stable during a long period of secular cooling. Our modeling results show that in a hot convecting mantle partial melting will produce a compositional layering in a relatively short time of about 50 Ma. Due to secular cooling mantle differentiation finally stops before 1 Ga. The resulting continental root remains stable on a billion year time scale due to the combined effects of its intrinsically lower density and temperature-dependent rheology. Two different parameterizations of the melting phase-diagram are used in the models. The results indicate that during the Archaean melting occurred on a significant scale in the deep regions of the upper mantle, at pressures in excess of 15 GPa. The compositional depths of continental roots extend to 400 km depending on the potential temperature and the type of phase-diagram parameterization used in the model. The results reveal a strong correlation between lateral variations of temperature and the thickness of the continental root. This shows that cold regions in cratons are stabilized by a thick depleted root.  相似文献   

含煤地层中一种树根结构体的成因及意义     

严家平  吴基文  吴继轩 《煤田地质与勘探》1999,27(5):10-12

根据岩石块体的结构特征研究和测试分析,剖析了含煤地层中发育的一种锥形岩石－树根结构体的成因。它是地质历史中,树木伞状根系所维系的土体,在树木的自重荷载和主干根系生长的相互挤压作用下与外围土体的差异压实造成的,换言之,它又是一种在生物作用影响下形成的沉积结构或沉积构造,与其它沉积构造相比,树根结构体具有更好的岩层示序意义,含煤地层树根结构体的发育,标志着聚煤时期沼泽内复杂的沉积环境,地貌形态以及微地  相似文献   

兰家网一带变形构造特征     

李文锁  王显恩  任铁花 《吉林地质》1999,(1)

辉发河断裂带的朝阳镇—黑石段以北地区广泛发育不同型式的褶皱及断裂,这些褶皱及断裂规律地沿北东向展布,显示着一种特殊的构造样式。本文认为这种特殊的构造样式是逆冲推覆构造运动的反映,并提出兰家网一带为吉昌—磐石逆冲褶皱推覆构造带根带的新认识。  相似文献   

卡尔曼滤波技术在暴雨中期预报中的应用   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4  

魏文秀  任彪  杨海龙  史凤兰 《气象》1998,24(3):46-49

在河北暴雨中期预报系统中,应用卡尔曼滤波技术对ＥＣＭＷＦ５００ｈＰａ高度预报场进行了订正。通过对ＥＣＭＷＦ５００ｈＰａ高度场的多种订正试验,分析比较未订正的和各种不同订正方案的高度预报均方根误差,证明卡尔曼滤波双因子订正对于提高暴雨预报能力是有效的。  相似文献   

一种改进的土壤水分平衡模式   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

申双和  李胜利 《气象》1998,24(6):17-21

将美国学者,Ｊ．Ｔ．Ｒｉｔｃｈｉｅ等研制的作物生长模拟模式（ＣＥＲＥＳ－小麦模式）中的土壤水分平衡子模式应用于我国半干旱地区甘肃省西峰市农业气象试验站固定地块麦地土壤水分的模拟,对原有模式中潜在蒸散、地表蒸发和作物蒸腾加以修正,同时,为增强模式的应用性能,引入一种由作物生育期来估算作物根系最大深度和土壤各层相对根密度的方法。改进后的土壤水分平衡模式取得较好的应用效果,为旱地农田土壤水分管理提供了一  相似文献   

以土壤水分为参变量的根冠系统模拟调控模型   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

冯广龙  罗远培 《水科学进展》1998,9(3):224-230

针对以往在建造各类作物生长模拟模型中,对构成作物整体功能的根、冠关系这一系统未予(充分)考虑的现状,在整体、器官水平上,探讨、分析了根、冠之间相互关系,归纳了根、冠系统各种特性,并构建了以土壤水分作为调控因子的根、冠互相藕合机制模型。模型辨识及两年冬小麦试验数据验证结果表明,该模型具有较强普适性和较高模拟预测精度,不仅能模拟预测出不同土壤水分条件下根、冠干物重,研究根、冠间互利互制消长反馈关系,而且还可根据不同生产目标规划灌溉方案。  相似文献   

Modelling the effects of soil type and root distribution on shallow groundwater resources          下载免费PDF全文

Stefania Grimaldi  Felipe Orellana  Edoardo Daly 《水文研究》2015,29(20):4457-4469

Vegetated, shallow groundwater environments typically have high environmental and economic value. A sound understanding of the complex interactions and feedbacks between surface vegetation and groundwater resources is crucial to managing and maintaining healthy ecosystems while responding to human needs. A vegetated shallow groundwater environment was modelled using the software HYDRUS 2D to investigate the effects of several combinations of soil type and root distributions on shallow groundwater resources. Three rainfall regimes coupled to both natural and anthropogenically affected groundwater conditions were used to investigate the effect that combinations of four soil types and five root distributions can have on (a) groundwater level drops, (b) groundwater depletion, (c) groundwater recharge and (d) water stress conditions. Vegetation with roots distributed across the whole unsaturated zone and vegetation with dimorphic root systems (i.e. roots having larger concentrations both near the surface and the capillary fringe) behaved differently from vegetation growing roots mainly near the saturated zone. Specifically, vegetation with roots in the unsaturated zone caused water‐table drops and groundwater depletions that were half the amount due to deep‐rooted vegetation. Vegetation with a large portion of roots near the soil surface benefited from rainfall and was less vulnerable to water‐table lowering; as such, the fraction of the total area of roots affected by water stress conditions could be 40% smaller than in the case with deep‐rooted vegetation. However, roots uniformly distributed in the unsaturated zone could halve groundwater recharge rates observed in bare soils. Our analysis provided insights that can enable the formulation of site‐ and purpose‐specific management plans to respond to both human and ecosystem water requirements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effect of vegetation cover and sediment type on 3D subsurface structure and shear strength in saltmarshes     

Clementine Chirol  Kate L. Spencer  Simon J. Carr  Iris Möller  Ben Evans  Jason Lynch  Helen Brooks  Katherine R. Royse 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(11):2279-2297

The vulnerability of saltmarshes to lateral erosion at their margin depends on the local biogeomorphological properties of the substrate. In particular, the 3D architecture of pore and root systems is expected to influence shear strength, with repercussions for the wider-scale stability of saltmarshes. We apply X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) to visualize and quantify subsurface structures in two UK saltmarshes at Tillingham Farm, Essex (silt/clay rich substrate) and Warton Sands (sand-rich substrate), with four types of ground cover: bare ground, Spartina spp, Salicornia spp and Puccinellia spp. We extracted μCT structural parameters that characterize pore and root morphologies at each station, and compared them with field measurements of shear strength using a principal component analysis and correlation tests. The 3D volumes show that species-dependent variations in root structures, plant colonization events and bioturbation activity control the morphology of macropores, while sediment cohesivity determines the structural stability and persistence of these pore structures over time, even after the vegetation has died. Areas of high porosity and high mean pore thickness were correlated to lower values of shear strength, especially at Tillingham Farm, where well-connected vertical systems of macropores were associated with current or previous colonization by Spartina spp. However, while well-connected systems of macropores may lower the local deformation threshold of the sediment, they also encourage drainage, promote vegetation growth and reduce the marsh vulnerability to hydrodynamic forces. The highest values of shear strength at both sites were found under Puccinellia spp, and were associated with a high density of mesh-like root structures that bind the sediment and resist deformation. Future studies of marsh stability should ideally consider time series of vegetation cover, especially in silt/clay-dominated saltmarshes, in order to consider the potential effect of preserved buried networks of macropores on water circulation, marsh functioning and cliff-face erosion.  相似文献